The following are violations that require the payment of kaffarah (expiation):
1. Kaffarah for Sexual Intercourse During the Day in Ramadan
If someone intentionally engages in sexual intercourse during the day in Ramadan, they are required to pay kaffarah in the following order:
1. Freeing a slave (no longer applicable today)
2. Fasting for two consecutive months
3. If unable, feeding 60 poor people
Reference (Hadith): “A man came to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allah, I am ruined! The Prophet asked: What happened? The man replied: I had intercourse with my wife during the day in Ramadan. The Prophet said: You must free a slave. The man said: I cannot afford it. The Prophet said: Then you must fast for two consecutive months. The man said: I cannot do that either. The Prophet said: Then you must feed 60 poor people.” (Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim)
2. Kaffarah for Breaking an Oath (Kaffarah Yamin)
If someone swears by the name of Allah and breaks it, they must pay kaffarah:
1. Feeding 10 poor people
2. If unable, fasting for three days
Reference (Qur’an): “The expiation for breaking an oath is to feed 10 poor people with the average food you feed your family, or to clothe them, or to free a slave. If one cannot afford this, then they must fast for three days.” (Surah Al-Ma’idah: 89)
3. Kaffarah for Breaking a Vow (Nazar)
If someone makes a vow to Allah but fails to fulfill it, they must pay the same kaffarah as for breaking an oath:
1.Feeding 10 poor people
2.If unable, fasting for three days
Reference (Hadith): “Whoever makes a vow but cannot fulfill it, must pay the kaffarah for breaking an oath.” (Narrated by Abu Dawud)
4. Kaffarah for ‘Ila’
If a husband swears not to have intercourse with his wife for a certain period and breaks that oath, he must pay kaffarah:
1. Feeding 10 poor people
2.If unable, fasting for three consecutive days
Reference (Qur’an): “For those who swear not to approach their wives, a waiting period of four months is prescribed. If they return (to their wives), Allah is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful. But if they decide on divorce, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.” (Surah Al-Baqarah: 226–227)
5. Kaffarah for Zihar
If a husband compares his wife to his mother or another woman forbidden to him (mahram), their relationship becomes unlawful until kaffarah is paid:
1. Freeing a slave
2.If unable, fasting for two consecutive months
3.If unable, feeding 60 poor people
Reference (Qur’an): “Those who declare their wives to be like their mothers and then wish to return to them must free a slave before they touch each other. If they cannot afford it, they must fast for two consecutive months before touching each other. If they are unable, they must feed 60 poor people.” (Surah Al-Mujadalah: 3–4)